"Membrane Bioreactors" are often discussed in the context of :
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Answer: D. A membrane bioreactor combines a biological treatment step, where microbes break down waste, with a membrane filter that separates clean water from sludge. It is widely used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater.
Watch for: The word 'bioreactor' suggests vaccines or biotech labs, but MBRs are a sewage-treatment technology.
Why the other options are wrong
- A. Wrong because membrane bioreactors are not used for IVF or other reproductive techniques.
- B. Wrong because they are not a drug-delivery technology.
- C. Wrong because, although bioreactors are used in vaccine making, 'membrane bioreactor' is a wastewater treatment term.
Source to check: US EPA, 'Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet: Membrane Bioreactors' (2007); CPCB guidelines on sewage treatment technologies
Answer from the official UPSC key. Written and fact-checked by AI against the official key. Spotted a mistake? Report it.